Goals 4.1: Thermodynamics: H, S

• Explain the meaning of H and S and use their signs to determine whether enthalpy and entropy are increasing or decreasing
• Explain the difference between S_universe and S_system

Goals 4.2: Thermodynamics: G, and K

• Understand the relationship between G and S_universe
• Explain the difference between G°, G°' and G
• Use the relationship between G and K to determine one when the other is given

Goals 4.3: G, using favorable reaction to drive unfavorable reactions, and the role of ATP in energy transfers

• Use G to describe how one reaction can be used to drive another
• Use K and Le Châtlier's Principle or mathematics to describe how one reaction can be used to drive another
• Provide three reasons to explain why the hydrolysis of ATP is a favorable reaction
• Describe how ATP acts as an agent for transferring chemical potential energy.